Africa Mining Vision

 

The Africa Mining Vision was adopted by Heads of State at the February 2009 AU summit following the October 2008 meeting of African Ministers responsible for Mineral Resources Development. It is Africa’s own response to tackling the paradox of great mineral wealth existing side by side with pervasive poverty.

 

The AMV is holistic. It advocates thinking outside the “mining box”. Accordingly it’s not just a question of improving mining regimes by making sure that tax revenues from mining are optimized and that the income is well spent – although that is clearly important. Rather it’s a question of integrating mining much better into development policies at local, national and regional levels.

 

That means thinking about how mining can contribute better to local development by making sure workers and communities see real benefits from large-scale industrial mining and that their environment is protected.

 

It also means making sure that nations are able to negotiate contracts with mining multinationals that generate fair resource rents and stipulate local inputs for operations.

 

And at regional level, it means integrating mining into industrial and trade policy.

 

Most of all it’s a question of opening out mining’s enclave status so that Africa can move from its historic status as an exporter of cheap raw materials to manufacturer and supplier of knowledge-based services.

 

The AMV is a first and foremost a developmental mining approach that insists that the royal road to growth is through building economic and social linkages that benefit Africa itself.

 

source : http://www.africaminingvision.org/index.htm

Innovation in Mining ! Africa 2016

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How do you prepare for tomorrow’s mine today?

Improving productivity from market to mine

We believe that to truly achieve a sustainable productivity improvement, an integrated end-to-end business transformation, which can only be achieved through a mine-to-market approach, is required.

We couldn’t understand why miners were not focusing more on this area and so we interviewed global mining executives to get a better view on this. Our conclusion is two key steps that can significantly reduce the integration gap:

1. Adopting an end-to-end process model approach to the business
2. Adopting digital strategies to reduce variability in the organization, enhance an end-to-end approach and improve decision-making

To be successful, both steps need to be supported with strong leadership and cultural change.

Productivity #1 operational risk for mining

During the super cycle, productivity fell to its lowest rate in more than 30 years, with the sector focusing on production at any cost because of an unprecedented boom in commodity prices. Productivity has been the number one operational risk for mining companies for the past three years.

Many of the mining executives we interviewed observed a decline in productivity levels as their operations expanded, primarily due to the challenge of managing complexity, compounded by the talent challenge, and lack of appropriate skills development.

Integration gap may contribute to 20%+ productivity loss

While mines were scaled up to maximize production, mine managers were not provided with the tools to manage this increased complexity. The scale of these larger mines and the related complexity resulted in an increased pressure on the functional departments to manage these burgeoning workforces.

A silo mentality has crept into the management of mining companies. We refer to the gap between the creation of silos and the desire to eliminate them as “the integration gap.”

Data indicates that asset productivity has barely changed over this time, and this appears to be the hardest area for the mining sector to increase productivity. We, therefore, looked at how the leading industries, such as manufacturing, have gone about solving this issue.

Miners need to adopt a manufacturing mindset

Having a manufacturing mindset can lead to significant productivity and value creation, and in turn helps close the integration gap. However, mining is not a factory as there is far more variability than a factory environment.

Factors such as weather, ore body knowledge, work conditions and quality of people all impact variability. We don’t have a silver bullet to remove variability. But it is possible to reduce it to a more manageable level and improve long-term productivity.

How do you close the gap?

Increase productivity and the management of variability by:

1. Adopting an integrated end-to-end process model approach to the business:
Process models enable you to be more agile, and with this, the management of variability becomes simpler. A process model is an enabler which can be implemented either independently or with technology.
2. Embracing and implementing a digital transformation:

Effective implementation of technology is slow in the sector and the industry is poorly rated for digital intensity. However, digital can be a key enabler of productivity by enabling more effective loss elimination and execution of operational strategies and plans.

To achieve success in either of these and to ensure that any implemented solutions are sustainable, a focused leadership and cultural change are required.

This can be achieved through the process model approach. This is an element of an operating model informing the business on who is performing the processes, how to measure the performance of each process, what the potential risks are and how they can be mitigated and controlled. It is also adopting a focus on end-to-end excellence. Process models are end-to-end, independent of organizational boundaries and cut across different organizational functions to deliver the desired outcome.

The benefits

Process models are very effective in improving current business operations and establishing a common language across the business, and are often used as a foundation for improvement initiatives.

By integrating our processes, we immediately have greater communication and visibility across the line, which leads to improved and more timely decision-making, and ultimately to improved productivity.

Source: http://www.ey.com/gl/en/industries/mining---metals/ey-improving-productivity-from-market-to-mine#embracing-and-implementing-a-digital-transformation

‘Big data’ on water resources

Two petabytes (2×10¹⁵) is a colossal number which happens to approximate how much data has been collected in geocoded form by the Landsat Thematic Mapper and its successors since it was first launched in 1984. In tangible form these would occupy about half a million DVDs, weighing in at about 8 metric tonnes; ‘daunting’ comes nowhere near describing the effort needed to visually interpret this unique set of multi-date imagery. Using the Google Earth Engine, the free cloud-computing platform for big sets of image data which hosts all Landsat data and much else (but not yet the equally daunting ASTER data – roughly a million 136 Mb scenes) the 32 years-worth has been analysed for its content of hydrological information by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre in Italy, with assistance from Google Switzerland. Using the various spectral characteristics of water in the visible and infrared region, the team has been able to assess the position on the continents of surface water bodies larger than 900 m², both permanent and ephemeral, and how the various categories have changed in the last 32 years (Pekel, J.-F. et al. 2016. High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes. Nature, v. 540, p. 418-422; doi:10.1038/nature20584). The results are conveniently and freely available in their entirety at the Global Surface Water Explorer, an unparalleled and easy-to-use opportunity for water resource managers, wetland ecologists and geographers in general.

Among the revelations are sites and areas that have been subject to gains and losses in water availability, the extents of new and vanished permanent and seasonal water bodies and the conversion of one to the other. A global summary gives a net disappearance of 90 thousand km² of permanent water bodies, about the area of Lake Superior, but exceeded by new permanent bodies totalling 184 thousand km². There has been a net increase in permanent water on all continents except Oceania with a loss one percent (note that Antarctica and land north of the Arctic Circle were not analysed). More than 70 % of the losses are in the semi-arid Middle East and Central Asia (Iran, Iraq, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Afghanistan), due mainly to overuse of irrigation, dam construction and long-term drought. Much of the increase in water occurrence stems from reservoir construction, but climate change may have played a part through increased precipitation and melting of high-altitude snow and ice, as in Tibet.

The Aral Sea in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan has suffered dramatic loss of standing and seasonal water cover due to overuse of water for irrigation from the two main rivers, the Amu (Oxus) and Syr, that flow into it. Note the key to the colours that represent different categories of changes in surface water. (Credit: Global Surface Water Explorer)

Many of the lakes in the northern Tibetan Plateau have grown in size during the last 32 years, mainly due to increased precipitation and snow melt. (Credit: Global Surface Water Explorer)

There are limitation to the accuracy of the various categories of change, one being the persistence of cloud cover in humid climates, another being the sometimes haphazard scheduling of Landsat Data capture (in some case that has depended on US Government interest in different areas of the world)

Source: https://earth-pages.co.uk/2016/12/18/big-data-on-water-resources/

This Video Breaks Down the Earth's Geological History !

From the formation of continents to the creation of mountain ranges, it took Earth a long time to get where it is today. Leave it to SciShow to explain four billion years’ worth of history in less than ten minutes.

 

SciShow squeezes a heap of information on the Earth’s history into a brief, condensed guide, which you can watch in the video above. They break down the basics of how carbon dating works, along with the formation of continental crust and plate tectonics. It’s a great summation of not just the earth’s geological history, but also of how we study it. Check it out above or visit the link below.

 

Source: http://lifehacker.com/this-video-breaks-down-the-earths-geological-history-1789864225

Projected supply and demand of potash worldwide from 2014 to 2018 (in thousand metric tons)*

This statistic outlines the projected supply and demand of potash worldwide from 2014 to 2018. It is projected that the global supply of potash in 2018 will be some 51.44 million metric tons, while the demand is projected to be approximately 34.46 million metric tons that same year.

Source : https://www.statista.com/statistics/541398/projected-supply-and-demand-of-potash-worldwide/

Mines et développement en Afrique centrale : beaucoup reste à faire !

Malgré les efforts déployés par les  pays de l’Afrique centrale pour intégrer les objectifs de la Vision Minière Africaine (VMA) dans leurs politiques et cadres législatifs nationaux,  les résultats sont encore limités et ne permettent pas  encore au secteur minier d’être le moteur d’une croissance inclusive et d’un développement durable. C’est ce qui ressort du rapport préparé par la Commission Economique des Nations Unies pour l’Afrique (CEA) sur « l’état d’avancement et les perspectives de la mise en œuvre de la Vision Minière Africaine de l’Afrique en Afrique Centrale ».  Le rapport qui vise à aider les pays de la sous-région à profiter davantage de leur énorme potentiel minier, a été examiné lors d’une réunion ad hoc d’experts qui vient de se terminer à Brazzaville, République du Congo.
Le travail approfondi sur l’économie minière de la sous-région montre que, pour ce qui est des régimes nationaux, les pays membres de la CEEAC ont encore du travail à faire quant à l’alignement de leurs régimes miniers avec la VMA dont l’objectif à long-terme est basé sur la mise en place des mécanismes permettant d’avoir : (i) un secteur minier transparent, et (ii) une exploitation optimale, équitable et raisonnée des ressources minérales, afin de soutenir une croissance soutenue, inclusive et durable.

Cérémonie protocolaire

Dans son allocution d’ouverture de  la réunion, Monsieur Louis Marie Joachim Djama – représentant du Ministre des Mines et de la Géologie de la République du Congo a souligné l’importance de la réflexion sur la Vision Minière Africaine (VMA) tout en admettant que bien que la nature ait doté son pays d’immenses ressources minières  le « pays ne tire pas pleinement profit de ces dernières qui sont rarement transformées localement en produits industriels et sont exportées sans véritable valeur ajoutée locale. »
Il a néanmoins informé les experts que son pays a  créé un environnement propice à la mise en valeur de ces ressources minières dans le cadre du d’un Plan National de Développement du Congo.
Le Représentant Résident du PNUD et Coordonnateur du Système des Nations Unies au Congo M. Anthony Ohemeng-Boamah, qui a pris part à la cérémonie d’ouverture, a indiqué que les pays d’Afrique centrale sont déjà les principaux fournisseurs de certains minéraux et devraient donc être audacieux dans leur niveau d'ambition en investissant dans le renforcement des capacités et institutions pour transformer leurs gisements minéraux en véritable sources de richesses. Citant l’exemple du coltan qui est l’un des principaux composants des téléphones portables, il a ajouté que « nous devons néanmoins être plus que de simples fournisseurs de coltan brut pour devenir des producteurs de composants pour smartphones à base de coltan ».
« Il s’agit de passer d’une situation où nous sommes des collecteurs passifs de taxes, de dividendes et de royalties à une approche où nous privilégions l’utilisation de nos matières premières pour booster l’industrialisation et la transformation structurelle de nos économies» a-t-il estimé.
Pour sa part, le Directeur du Bureau Sous-Régional pour l'Afrique Centrale de la CEA, M. Antonio Pedro, a noté l'évolution de la dynamique des industries extractives depuis l'adoption de la Vision Minière Africaine en 2009, à savoir la baisse des prix des produits de base, l’entrée en jeux des Objectifs de Développement Durable, les défis croissants des changements climatiques et l'impact de la transformation numérique et des progrès technologiques sur le secteur.
Il a souligné que cette situation représente à la fois un défi et une opportunité pour la mise en œuvre de la VMA en Afrique centrale. « Ainsi, a-t-il continué, la République du Congo qui repose sur un gisement de potasse évalué à près de trois milliards de dollars, pourrait jouer un rôle central dans la fertilisation des terres pour nourrir la population mondiale qui devrait atteindre 10 milliards de personnes en 2050».

A son avis, les Etats de l'Afrique Centrale doivent donc saisir les opportunités introduites par la nouvelle dispensation.

Une fois finalisé, le rapport de la CEA sera diffusé aux décideurs de la sous-région afin qu'ils puissent en exploiter le contenu pour améliorer la contribution du secteur minier au développement de leur pays.

source: http://www.uneca.org/fr/stories/mines-et-d%C3%A9veloppement-en-afrique-centrale-beaucoup-reste-%C3%A0-faire

Exploring for the Future - a new phase of resource investment in northern Australia

Exploring for the Future - a new phase of resource investment in northern Australia

Work is underway on the new $100.5 million Exploring for the Future programme. This four-year programme aims to boost Australia's attractiveness as a destination for investment in resource exploration and management. In doing so, it will help safeguard Australia's future economic prosperity.
Geoscience Australia is collaborating with the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australian, and Western Australian governments to undertake these activities.

Australia's wealth of resources

Australia is fortunate to be rich in natural resources, including minerals, energy and groundwater.  These resources are essential for life and the sustainable development of our society. They are also a foundation for the economic successes that our country has enjoyed.  It is therefore vital that we maintain a healthy supply of globally-significant resource discoveries into the future.
Unfortunately Australia's large mineral and conventional oil deposits, many of which were discovered several decades ago, are nearing the end of their economic life. The rate of discovery of new commercially viable world-class deposits that are easy-to-reach has declined over the past 20 years. As a consequence, Australia's reputation as a priority location for investment in exploration activities is diminishing, which has a negative flow-on impact for the industries and communities that rely on that investment. New under-explored areas need to be investigated to reverse this trend.

Renewing investment in northern Australia

As highlighted in the Australian Government's White Paper on Developing northern Australia, this area offers enormous potential for industry development, including being advantageously close to major global markets.
Due to the seasonal nature of surface water and high evaporation rates in northern Australia, groundwater resources and aquifer storage provide significant opportunity to underpin economic expansion. Many mineral and energy deposits occur in remote areas where groundwater is the only secure local water source.  In addition, many regions of northern Australia have soils which are potentially suitable for irrigated agriculture if adequate water was available for development. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the location, size and quality of groundwater resources, and rates of use or depletion, are critical for the sustainable management of this resource.
In order to support renewed investment in northern Australia, the resource potential of under-explored areas needs to be better understood. Exploring for the Future seeks to do that.

A new phase of government supported data acquisition

Geoscience Australia's leading researchers will use innovative techniques to gather new pre-competitive data and information, on an unprecedented scale across Northern Australia, as well as an area in South Australia, about the potential mineral, energy and groundwater resources concealed beneath the surface.
This pre-competitive data and information will be released on an ongoing basis over the four years to support and de-risk resource decision making and investment.  As all the data and information will be publicly available, all parts of the resources sector, as well as the broader research and development community, will have an opportunity to benefit.
Exploring for the Future comprises three integrated components:

1. The minerals component focuses on understanding the geological evolution of northern Australia and through that, identifying which geological terrains have greater potential for various mineral deposit types.
2. Energy: The energy component focuses on exploring sedimentary basins to better understand the location and scale of potential oil and gas resources.
3. Groundwater: The groundwater component focusses on assessing the location, quantity and quality of groundwater, and rates of use or depletion, to identify potential opportunities for irrigated agriculture, mineral and energy development, and community water supply.

Source: http://www.ga.gov.au/news-events/news/latest-news/exploring-for-the-future-a-new-phase-of-resource-investment-in-northern-australia

The Professional Geologist (TPG) - October/November/December 2016 issue

The AIPG National Quarterly publication The Professional Geologist (TPG) - October/November/December 2016 issue is now available online. Digital version now available.

The 4th International Symposium on Innovation in the Phosphate Industry from 8 to 10 May 2017 in Benguerir city, Congress Center - Mohammed VI Polytechnic University

SYMPHOS organized by “OCP SA” is now a major event conveyed by all scientists, researchers and industrialists in the phosphate industry in areas related to the valorization of phosphates and its dérivatives.

After three successful editions of SYMPHOS, the 4^th is still a challenge for the success and prosperity.

This biennial event still become a flagship event for Scientists, Research Institutions, Academics, Distributors, engineering offices, manufacturers and suppliers of equipment, technology, Government Agencies, all those involved in optimizing crop yields and quality…

This event provides a unique opportunity to:

• Sharing ideas and information,

• Exchanging new techniques and technologies that can improve production,
• Discussing best practices with an emphasis on sustainable development and environmental preservation,
• Considering the future of the phosphate industry in a responsible approach, based on clean technologies.

The Technical Committee invites you to take part in this event by submitting your papers and présentations

High-level scientific program is scheduled in this Forth Edition with a very renowned international Scientific Conferences.

SYMPHOS 2017 topics listed :

·       Innovative phosphate technologies involving:  Micro-technology, Micro-engineering, micro-equipment, nanotechnologies.

·      Process intensification and enhanced performances

·      New extraction phosphate/minerals technologies.

·     New and innovative operating modes of production with existing equipment’s.

·      Industrial Maintenance, Paping, Safety and recent technical of mine rehabilitation.

·      Digital data.

·      Mineral beneficiation.

·      Phosphoric and sulfuric acid, purification, ammonia, sulphur.

·      Recovery and valorization of elements: Rares earth, iodine, uranium, fluoride…

·      New agricultural products/special and smart fertilizers/Bio fertilization.

·      New Materials, Corrosion and protection systems.

·      Water, Desalination.

·      Waste treatment, zero waste, recycling.

·      Innovative use of renewable Energy

·      Managing/valorizing sludges, phosphogypsum.

·     Management of African soils (Fertility map, soil salinity) and new methods used to identify soil qualities and soil needs.

·     Challenge of knowledge sharing and transfer of research results

·     Transformation of African Agriculture: technology implications and     implementation

·      Sustainable productivity growth, value chains.

·     Agriculture of the future: recent researchers developing new Technologies, crops…

·    Climate change and agricultural opportunities: New production systems, Examples of good practice.

·    Integrated portfolios of best technologies and practices

 

The Symposium also offers manufacturers and suppliers of equipment and technology the opportunity to present their company, products and services by providing a dedicated exhibition space and ideal networking and business opportunity across the B to B meetings.

Please return the attached form to confirm your attendance and to book your stand, should you need one.

REGISTRATION FEES (all prices in Euros)

 

Category	Early Bird discount, (Before January 31th, 2017		Normal Rates (After 1st February 2017)
Speaker	Free		Free
Attendee	750 €		850 €
Stand rental 9m²	5000 €		6000 €
Site Visit	600 €		600 €
Companion (Only Wife or Husband)	350 €		350 €
Deadlines Abstract submission Notification of acceptance Submission of Full texts Final program		December 04th, 2016 to February, 15th 2017 February, 20th, 2017 April 15th, 2017 April  20th, 2017

       Fees include : Daily shuttles from the city of Marrakech to BenGuerir for 3 days round-trip, admission to the speaker sessions, exhibition area, BtoB space, organizing appointments, delegate’s bag with documentation, lunches and coffee breaks, Gala Diner.

For further information on this event, please contact us at the following address:

symposiumocp@ocpgroup.ma ; info@symphos.com

Website: www.symphos.com

European Federation of Geologists (EFG) joins other organisations speaking out against sexual harassment

An update to the EFG Code of Ethics (Regulation C1) was unanimously approved and agreed upon by the EFG Council at its 72nd meeting held in Brussels on 19 and 20 November 2016. This important update relates to the maintenance of a high level of professionalism in a working environment. This is particularly pertinent as geoethics and professionalism are core objectives of the EFG. 

Through consultation with and much appreciated cooperation and contributions from Silvia Peppoloni (IAPG – International Association for Promoting Geoethics) and Jesús Martínez-Frías (IAGETH - International Association for Geoethics), the following addition has been made to the EFG’s Code of Ethics: 

“(…) Working environment 

1. A respectful and fruitful working environment is fundamental for maintaining a high level of professionalism. Therefore, discrimination or harassment, either sexual or of any other kind, is unacceptable because it offends the dignity of persons and seriously undermines the atmosphere of trust essential to the work of all geologists. Such actions should be denounced immediately to authorities. It is unprofessional and unethical to condone any kind of discrimination or harassment or to disregard complaints of harassment from colleagues or staff. (…)” 

For more information, the EFG Statutes and Regulations are available at the following link: http://eurogeologists.eu/statutesregulations

The approach adopted by EFG is fully in line with recent initiatives by several scientific societies speaking out against sexual harassment. Amongst others, leaders from scientific and professional societies, government agencies, and academia gathered in Washington DC in September 2016 to discuss the challenge of sexual and gender-based harassment in the sciences. This meeting was convened by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) following several recent cases of harassment in the field of sciences. As an outcome, AGU recently published the “Draft Organizational Principles for Addressing Harassment”, a set of guidelines for organisations willing to affirm their opposition against harassment.

About EFG: The European Federation of Geologists is a non-governmental organisation that was established in 1981 and includes today 26 national association members. EFG is a professional organisation whose main aims are to contribute to a safer and more sustainable use of the natural environment, to protect and inform the public and to promote a more responsible exploitation of natural resources. EFG’s members are National Associations whose principal objectives are based in similar aims. The guidelines to achieve these aims are the promotion of excellence in the application of geology and the creation of public awareness of the importance of geoscience for the society.

More information: www.eurogeologists.eu and http://harassment.agu.org/

Contact: EFG Executive Director Isabel Fernández Fuentes (isabel.fernandez@eurogeologists.eu) and EFG Communication Officer Anita Stein (anita.stein@eurogeologists.eu).

Thinking about a new concept of metallogenic model

Since a long time, the mineral resources considered inexhaustible and the humanity did not dare to extract them. Recently, several geoscientific studies have asked the question about the scarcity of mineral resources and they even planned some dates of their exhaustion. The example of Hubbert curve, for the "Peak Oil" (K. Hubbert, 1956), extrapolated by some Geoscientists and Economics studies to refer for predicting the peak of mineral resources.

 

Although, all geoscientific studies are in agreement on the fact that all surface and sub-surface deposits are in stage of depilation. The main questions that still arise are :

• Are there still other mineral resources in the world ?
• Have we good findings and conclusions from the deposits we know ?
• The current metallogenic models are useful for the discovery of unknown deposits ?

Our global stock of mineral substances is still full !

 

As we know, the internal and external geodynamic cycles is driving the development of mineralization. This is the same cycle that have given rise to existing deposits and by the logic of things, they are able to give birth to the other deposits.

 

An understanding of the genesis of the deposit involves good field observation

 

The mining operation is an opportunity to confirm the geological interpretations and refine the ore genesis model. The geological database can be collected to predict the behavior of deposit in the local scale and in some cases, extrapolate the geometric model vertically and horizontally.

A lacks of the prediction parameter in the metallogenic model !

The metallogeny is define as: "a science that studies the mechanisms of deposits geneses and proposes to define methodological tools and guidelines used by geologists". The current context of the evolution of operations and mineral exploration requires the updating of this definition, taking into account the scarcity of the mineral substances.

All geological researches and studies tend to build the geological model of the deposits based on the results of the analyses (geochemistry, geophysics, sedimentology ....) made in the deposits.

 

The methods and conventional tools are they efficient for the discovery of deposits?

 

Certainly not, all the conventional methods have shown their limits, hence the work of the R&D that attempt to develop the mining exploration technologies.

The evolution of exploration technology should be more developed, it is not the only one but also the concept of metallogenic model to predict potential areas of deposition of mineralization with a rough estimate of their quality and quantity beyond the conventional methods.

The future challenges of geologists is to find hidden deposits with lower cost with imagine of the shape, quantity and quality of the mineralization. This can be done through the built of a predictive metallogenic model.

This new concept of genesis model of deposits must be built not only by geologist "metallogenist" but also with support of multidisciplinary team composed mainly by geologists, statisticians (specialist in stochastistic for predictive part), mathematicians, chemists etc...

The industrial mining operation does not expects only that the geologist expect the delineation of the deposit, the estimation of reserves and resources and resolution of geological problems encountered during the mining operation. In addition, He expects that the geologist inform him about the extension of potential mineralization and exploration even with a lesser degree of reliability by giving a comprehensive idea about the quantity and quality of mineralization. All of this with a small budget.

 

Uncertainty is one of the parameters how affecting the metallogenic models!

 

The metallogenic model is built by observation and analysis linked to the global geological phenomena in order to understand the genesis of deposits. The observations are unperfected and therefore they are subject to uncertainty, more the scale of study is big more the confidence interval of the model reduced.

 

If the metallogenic model is uncertain how to predict the shape of the mineralization?

 

A good prediction involves a good understanding of the behavior of mineralization we observe. This understanding can be only done with a solid mathematical and geological modeling.

After the French geologist Louis de Launay (1860-1938), for whom "The metallogenic studies the mineral deposits of the chemical elements, their organizations and especially abnormal concentrations that they present them in industrially form above theaverage .... ". This definition brings out a problem involving non-linear transfer functions wehre the analytical equations are inextricable; this is one of the major applications of nonlinear simulation in geostatistics.

To understand the behavior of physical, chemical and morphological parameters of a deposit, it is not enough to know the concentration levels in a limited area to predict its behavior in the whole area, the spatial distribution of values in the study area is as important as the average value.

However, the simulation at this stage is an approach applied to the observed data (results of conventional exploration tools) to understand the behavior of deposits recognized in a limited area!

Globally, for different type of deposits found in many places, the question arises is: can we developing conditional and / or non-conditional simulation by using of local metallogenic models (made in known deposits) and internal and external geodynamic process to build a predictive model?

The predictive metallogenic model is possible to build if the geoscience community ask the question: how this predictive model looks like?

“All models are wrong, but some are useful” George Edward Pelham Box

Source: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/new-thinking-concept-metallogenic-model-youssef-daafi?trk=pulse_spock-articles

Industry 4.0 – Safety, Maintenance, Operations and Training in the Mining Industry

Planète Terre, aux Origines de la Vie - Les Alpes